Brave New World: Can Man Create Utopia? :: Brave New World

Brave New World:  Ã‚   Can Man Create Utopia?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brave New World, a novel by Aldous Huxley, was published during the time, socialism and dictatorship were the key concepts of the day. These governments believed that having total power would engender a perfect society. Karl Marx (Bernard Marx), and Nikolai Lenin (Linina), are two men who decide to pursue this concept. Through examples of these characters, it is demonstrated that a government that completely controls a nation will fail. Many of the ideas that the governments thought would contribute to success were the cause of their failure. Although technological advances, sexual promiscuity, and conformity contribute to the success of a Utopian society, these aspects are also the reason for downfall. Throughout the novel, Huxley uses Bernard Marx, a young man who is â€Å"deformed by the government† (Huxley, page #) to underline the idea that a Utopian Society cannot exist. The advancement of technology has enabled this â€Å"Utopian Society† to create human life. Although the entire society is based on technology, it remains supervised by humans. No matter how â€Å"advanced† this technology may be, if humans are directing it, mistakes will be made â€Å"They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottle... and put alcohol into his blood- surrogate. That’s why he’s so stunted† (Huxley, 46). The outcome of what happened to Bernard forced him to see that mistakes were one reason a Utopian Society could not exist. The Character Bernard Marx is an example of human imperfection, not because he was referred to as deformed, but because the person who created him messed up. Individuals were decanted according to specification. Any deviation was evidently the result of some mistake, a mistake made by a human. These technological developments weren’t advanced enough to create such a perfect society. Bernard was an example of this undesired reality.   He was deemed an outcast due to his imperfection. Being an outcast, however, allowed him to see the world differently. He was able to realize how everything was being manipulated and he was able to discern that it was wrong. Bernard noticed the manipulation of Lenina. Lenina wanted to have sex with just one person, but she wasn’t allowed. â€Å"Everyone belongs to everyone else† (page #) was one of the world state’s mottoes. Sexual promiscuity eliminates emotional tension. By eliminating tension and anxiety the World State was able to better control its citizens.

Distinguishing Bipolar and Bpd Disorders

Distinguishing Bipolar and BPD Disorders Tonjanika Boyd North Carolina Central University Introduction Bipolar and Borderline Personality Disorder are mood and personality disorder respectively, that have had many challenges amongst psychiatrist in differentiation. Not only does the two disorders share several symptoms and associated impairments, there is also continuing debates in the psychiatric literature about whether the two disorders actually represent different conditions (Hatchet, 2010).The following paper compares and contrasts Bipolar and Borderline Personality Disorders and discusses implications of differential diagnosis of the disorders that can lead to long-term effects for the patient due to the fundamentally different treatment each disorder needs. Comparison of Bipolar and Borderline Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder According to the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorder, 4th edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), bipolar is a recurrent mood disorder fe aturing one or more episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Antai-Otong, 2008).The bipolar disorders include, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic, and bipolar NOS disorders. Bipolar I disorder includes one or more manic or mixed episodes, usually with a major depressive episode. Bipolar II disorder includes one or two major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode. Cyclothymic disorder includes at least 2 years of hypomanic periods that do not meet the criteria for the other disorders. Bipolar NOS, does not meet any of the other bipolar criteria. The etiology of Bipolar disorder has been researched and documented for many years and has many theories and perspectives.Causative factors include psychodynamic, existential, cognitive behavioral and developmental and complex biologic and genetic factors (Antai-Otong, 2008). Signs and Symptoms (s/s) of Bipolar disorder varies from the type of episode they patient is experiencing. Major de pressive episodes include a depressed mood or lose of interest for at least 2 weeks and five or more of the following: Significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, worthless feelings or inappropriate guilt, problem concentrating or recurrent thoughts of death.Manic episodes s/s includes, persistent elevated irritable mood of more than one week, increased self-esteem, decreased sleep, increased, increase talk and pressured speech, racing thoughts and ideas, distractibility, extreme goal-directed activity, excessive buying, sex and business investments (Pederson, 2012). In order to have successful treatment of bipolar disorder, a holistic approach is the best therapy. This includes, pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions. Pharmacologic include mood stabilizers, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics and electroconvulsive therapy.There has been a controversy with the use of anti-depressants for treatment due to its effec t with mood stabilizers. It is not a mainstay, but is still prescribe when they are not sure if it is unipolar or bipolar, but becomes dangerous when switching from a depressive episode to a manic or hypomanic episode (Antai-Otong, 2011). Electroconvulsive therapy is the last resort if the mood stabilizers and anti-psychotics fail or when an immediate intervention is needed. Psychotherapeutic intervention is mostly where the nursing care is used more frequently.Psychosocial and behavioral intervention, both fall under the umbrella of psychotherapeutic treatment and are important for more positive treatment outcomes. If a patient is in the acute phase, the nurses’ main focuses are safety and maintain a therapeutic milieu that facilitates resolution of symptoms and minimizes complications. The nurse also educated the client and family about medications, treatment options and other psychotherapies (Antai-Otong, 2011). Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)BPD originated in the 19 30’s, when it was used to describe patients who were on the â€Å"border† between neuroses and psychosis. It is the most common complex and severely impairing personality disorders. According to DSM-IV, it is a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect and marked impulsivity (Swift, 2009). The etiology of BPD includes, genetic predisposition, family history of mood disorders and maybe related to bipolar disorder, physical and sexual abuse. About 2% of the population experiences BPD and mostly female.The symptoms of BPD are maladaptive behavior learnt to make sense of the world and to manage the persistent negative messages received (Eastwick & Grant, 2005). Signs and symptoms, consists of patterns of unstable interpersonal relationships, fear of abandonment, splitting (love or hate), impulsiveness in sex, substance abuse, binge eating and reckless driving, suicidal gestures, such as self-mutilation, intense mood changes that last for hou rs, chronic emptiness, intense anger and transient paranoid ideation (Pedersen, 2012).Managing BPD is challenging and can be emotionally and physically draining for the nurse involved and other members of the healthcare team. The nurse-patient relationship is frequently confrontational due to the patient difficulty with interpersonal relationships and dysfunctional emotional regulation, which results in aggression towards the nurse. Evidence has shown that people experiencing BPD are more likely to harm themselves than others (Swift, 2009). Treatment of BPD requires an integrated psychobiologic approach that includes, pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions.This combination is called psychopharmacologic therapy. There have been many variations of drugs used to treat BPD, due to limited success. There has been limited success in the use of psychotropic medications in clients with borderline personality disorder. Mood stabilizers, anti-depressants and anti-psychotics are onl y effective in providing relief in the symptoms of difficulty controlling behaviors, impulsivity, self-injurious behaviors and depression (Antai-Otong, 2011).Diagnostic Dilemma of Bipolar and BPD Disorder According to the criteria outlined in the DSM-IV-TR there is a systematic difference between patients with BPD and bipolar disorder. It was found that patients with bipolar II exhibited mood swings that varied between euthymia, elation and depression and mood swings with BPD rotated between euthymia, anger and anxiety. A diagnosis between the two boiled down to how the emotional and behavioral instability exhibited by a client is conceptualized.In other words, a counselor must decide whether the symptoms are best attributed to an acute mood disorder or they are just the latest manifestations of a more chronic problem (Hatchett, 2010). The challenge is not the case of being able to rule out acute episodes of mania, but when assessing the possibility of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder or a mixed episode. The actual definition of rapid cycling is often misunderstood in the mental health community and ruling out mixed episode is even a greater test in distinguishing between bipolar and BPD, due to many patients not having an accurate history of their symptoms.This is important because, according to DSM-IV-TR (2000) â€Å"The individual experiences rapidly alternating moods (sadness, irritability, euphoria) accompanied by symptoms of a Manic Episode†¦and a Major Depressive Episode† (p. 362). It becomes difficult and nearly impossible to distinguish a mixed episode from the chronic anger and dysphoria common to those with BPD. Repercussions for differentiating between the disorders for treatment are evident for counselors who are responsible for creating and implementing treatment plans. Accurate diagnosis is fundamental for effective treatment.A diagnosis of Bipolar disorder is treated with psychoactive medication, whereas for BPD patients, that is not effective as a mainstay of therapy. When BPD is appropriately diagnosed, it encompasses a more holistic approach of intervention strategies, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Those who consider BPD to be a variant of bipolar disorder contend that treatment should proceed with mood stabilizers and atypical anti-psychotics and those on the other side of the debate recommend an intensive psychotherapy model, such as DBT (Hatchett, 2010).Conclusion Careful consideration to distinguish more accurately the difference between an acute mood disorder and a more chronic and pervasive personality disorder through the diagnostic process is essential. A mood disorder is discerned by distinct episodes of mania, hypomania, or depression that continue for specified periods and a personality disorder is characterized by persistent and rigid patterns of maladaptive behavior and intrapersonal experience that influence areas of functioning.I feel the debate between differential diagnosis of t hese disorders can at least shift towards a solution by considering an overhaul in the definition and placement of mood and personality disorders in Axis I and II. Through Axis II was developed to encourage clinicians to consider more enduring personality characteristics that may impact treatment, as Fowler et al (2007) pointed out, some Axis I disorders are actually more chronic than many Axis II disorders, which are more likely to remit than is commonly believed.Also, I noticed through my research that maybe there needs to be another type of assessment tool created when assessing patients for mood or personality disorders or specific training on how to distinguish between BPD an bipolar disorder to ensure more accurate diagnosis. For the DSM-V now being drafted, proposals have been made to either eliminate personality disorders altogether or integrate theme into Axis I. In that scenario BDP might be reclassified as a mood or impulse control disorder (Hatchett, 2010).Distinguishing between Bipolar and BPD disorder is significant for the patient, treatment teams, family and mental health community, due to the major difference in the treatment plans for each disorder. Recognizing which disorder the patient has is fundamental in positive outcomes as they progress through the proper comprehensive psychopharmacologic therapy. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text rev. ). doi:10. 1176/appi. books. 9780890423349.Antai-Otong, D. (2008). Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts, 2nd ed. , Thomson, Delmar Learning. Hatchett, G. T. (2010). Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder from Bipolar Disorder: Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32:3, 189-205. Pederson, D. D. (2012). Psych Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide, 3rd ed. , F. A. Davis Co. Philadelphia. Swift, E. (2009). Borderline personality disorder: aetiology, presentation and therapeutic relationship: Mental Health Nursing, 13:3, 22-25.

Symbolism In Emily Dickinson - 733 Words

Emily Dickinson once said,  ¨The Soul selects her own Society- Then- shuts the door- To her divine Majority- Present no more- ¨. Emily Dickinson is a famous American poet who lived most of her life in complete solitude, often times only interacting with family and attending Church. In her time alone, she wrote poems about how others acted with each other, and her own beliefs about life. Emily Dickinson utilizes symbolism and imagery in the poems  ¨Im Nobody! Who are you? ¨,  ¨Hope is the thing with feathers ¨ and  ¨Because I could not stop for Death ¨ to share her views on societys beliefs. In the poems,  ¨Im Nobody! Who are you? ¨ and  ¨Hope is the thing with feathers ¨ Dickinson uses symbolism to her make her views stronger. In  ¨Im†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† the speaker of the poem creates an image, â€Å"We passed the School/ We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain-/ We passed the Setting Sun-/† (Lines 9-13). Dickinson used those words to create a mood and an image while reading it. It set a very calm and peaceful image, as well as tone. A school full of children is usually associated with laughter and happiness, a field usually correlates with wind blowing and fresh air that is full of calmness, and a setting sun is a sign of peacefulness and closure. Dickinson incorporated those lines to show that the pathway to death is calmer than what most of society thinks. In â€Å"‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers† the speaker includes, â€Å"Ive heard it in the chilliest land-/ And on the strangest sea/† (9-10). This creates an image of a lifeless and barren land, somewhere where things are not expected often. Dickinson includes this to say that hope is everywhere, even in places where it is not expected to be, it just never reached her. Dickinson used powerful words to emphasize her point of view by creating images in the minds of others. Her goal was t o create images that were strong and sent a strong message about death and why hope is not going to reach everyone. Dickinson used primarily imagery and symbolism to validate her own beliefs in the poems â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death†, â€Å"‘Hope’ is the thing withShow MoreRelatedSymbolism of Death Used in Because I Could Not Stop for Death by Emily Dickinson and â€Å"Home Burial by Robert Frost879 Words   |  4 PagesIn the poems â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†, by Emily Dickinson and â€Å"Home Burial†, by Robert Frost, literary elements are used throughout both poems to get the message the authors are trying to portray. One main important literary element that is used to entice the reader, is symbolism, because it helps the authors describe something without actual describing it. Symbolism is also used because it shows how significant an object is. Characterization is also an important literary technique becauseRead More Literary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry Essays1053 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson is one of the most famous authors in American History, and a good amount of that can be attributed to her uniqueness in writing. In Emily Dickinsons poem Because I could not stop for Death, she characterizes her overarching theme of Death differently than it is usually described through the poetic devices of irony, imagery, symbolism, and word choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson likes to use many different forms of poetic devicesRead MoreSymbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry918 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry Kevin Hardy Jr. English 215 Dr. Maxwell Poems have many different interpretations, but let it be known that different people could see poems in many different ways. 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Reading lines one and two, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death -He kindly stopped for me ¬Ã‚ ¬ †, Emily Dickinson continues to personify death asRead MoreBitterness: Poetry and World1016 Words   |  5 Pagespresent, there have been numerous poets who have composed similar pieces to those of other poets. In 1859, Emily Dickinson produced Success is counted sweetest. In1923, Robert Frost wrote Fire and Ice. That same year, Wallace Stevens created Gubbinal. These three poems share much in common. They contain many of the same elements of poetry, such as connotative meaning, imagery, symbolism, and tone. First, the three famous poems all possess a connotative meaning . Within the poem GubbinalRead MoreDying For Meet Death By Emily Dickinson1199 Words   |  5 PagesDying to Meet Death Emily Dickinson’s reputation made her appear to most people as a reclusive woman captivated by death (â€Å"Emily Dickinson† 1001). This is reinforced in many of her poems, specifically â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† In Contrast, Dylan Thomas, the poet who created â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† was well known for his over-the-top personality and iniquitous lifestyle (â€Å"Dylan Thomas†). Emily Dickinson creates the persona of an older woman, who has been called upon byRead MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesHorieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was the foundationRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poems Are About Death1239 Words   |  5 Pages It’s no secret that many of Emily Dickinson’s poems are about death and this poem is no exception. Many scholars believe that Emily Dickinson actually dealt with lots of emotional and mental issues such as agoraphobia, anxiety, and depression. Because I could not stop for Death is all about a woman’s journey to death. Emily Dickinson was a very figurative, but at the same time very literal, poet. She often used symbolism, personification, repetition, and alliteration. For example, in BecauseRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz And Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night ``997 Words   |  4 PagesFly Buzz]† and â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night†, by Emily Dickinson and Dylan Thomas respectively, an underlying theme is mortality. While Dickinson uses her poem to explore things about death, Thomas uses his poem to show the inevitability of death. Both poets use poetic devices such as imagery, repetition, and symbolism to show the struggle of life during the capture of death. The poem â€Å"[I Heard a Fly Buzz]† by Emily Dickinson, is a sixteen line poem that consists of four quatrains (groupingsRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Death Of Life873 Words   |  4 Pageselegant and thought provoking poems on a wide range of topics: from self reliance to the turmoils of war, Emily Dickinson remains a pillar of talent and inspiration to this day. While most, if not all, poets reveal elements of themselves within their works Dickinson seems to lay herself bare before her readers; leaving very little left to the imagination. Dickinson achieves this by combining symbolism, allegory and often nimble punctuation within her stanzas. One of the poets most discussed themes seems

New Operating Environment The Supply Chain Management...

New operating environment bought awareness to the supply chain management after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. These events exposed the pre-existing and unseen risk of disruption to supply networks from terrorist attacks. The risk was there all along but the attacks made it real and foremost in our minds. Additionally, these events began to expose the more significant interdependence that exists between all firms in the supply network. The interdependence also includes reliance on those U.S. Government agencies involved with transportation infrastructure and inbound mterial flows. Given these interdependencies, if one firm fails in the supply network, the entire network†¦show more content†¦Specifically, firms will need to pioneer new relationships with U.S. Government agencies that now share responsibility for making the supply network secure and resilient. Additionally, firms will need to develop deeper relationships with suppliers and customers throughout their supply networks to co-create a more secure and resilient network. Internally, the largest organizational challenge may be in establishing at the individual level a solid understanding of the interdependence of the systems, and the educational and training systems needed for tough network designs and planned resp onses to disruptions. Studying the practices of the progressive firms helped surface several characteristics that were common among the group and which are worth examining. They nearly all of the progressive firms (all but one firm) had previously experienced the impact of disruptions in their supply networks, and in response they built resilience and security into the current supply network. Also these firms revisited their existing supply network design, and actively redesigned their supply networks for resilience through a combination of flexibility and redundancy initiatives. Often, the firms elected to apply these in a ‘layered’ fashion to create a system comprised of layers of security and resilience. Then in developing plans to respond, the progressive firms often focused on ‘failure modes’ and those limited number of ways that operations can be affected by the

Being Mortal By Ivan Ilyich - 1311 Words

â€Å"Being Mortal† brings into question the way the health care system treats those who have no chance of recovery and are most certainly untreatable. From the beginning, were Gawandee pointed out the story of Ivan Ilyich, whose suffering was caused by an untreatable ailment. Ilyich was forced into treatment after treatment rather than made comfortable as he passed on. This leads into his next story where he was an intern whose patient had little to no hope of extended survival. The patient was offered a risky surgery that would do little good with the possibility of heafty consequences. Though the procedure was considered a technical success, the patient never recovered and soon was taken off of lifesupport. Gawande questions whether our†¦show more content†¦The importance of a fulfilled life seems to be lost under treatment after treatment. A comfortable end should be offered over one that will simply extend the patient’s pain and suffering. A study conducte d in 2010 using lung care patients showed those under the treatment of a palliative care specialist not only suffered less but also lived longer than those patients who were not. This would lead one to conclude that the focus on ameliorating the pain of the patient and their family should be the top priority in patients with ailments like terminal cancer. The book’s last two chapters focus on the author’s loss of his father. Gawande’s father was an oncologist, whose career involved finding cancer in others. This meant he also had the responsibility of delivering the news to his unfortunate patients. Gawande notes that there are two types of relationships with doctors, which are informative and paternalistic. His father decided to enter hospice care, which then leads into a dramatic scene where the author is giving a graduation address at Ohio University. His father was supposed to be wheeled in but instead he walked and climbed stairs. Gawande attributed this st rength to a â€Å"different kind of care†. This means that hospice care showed to improve strength in his father rather than be a detriment to him, as opposed to how he would likely have reacted to a round of different treatments.Show MoreRelatedWhen Tolstoy Meets Kant571 Words   |  2 PagesTolstoy Meets Kant Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy radiates throughout Leo Tolstoy’s short story â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilyich.† The story begins with the death of Ivan Ilyich. Rather than morning his death, Ivan’s friends and family look for ways that they can benefit from his death. The narrative proceeds to portray the life of Ivan Ilyich leading up to his death. From a young age, Ivan displayed rather ordinary characteristics. He followed basic norms in an effort to attain a good job and upholdRead More Symbolism and Realism Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesRealists argue that these three themes of domesticity, decay, and disconnection are linked, a connection explored especially in the Symbolist Charles Baudelaire’s poem, â€Å"Spleen LXVIII† (1862), in the Realist Leo Tolstoy’s novella, The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), and in the Realist Anton Chekhov’s play, The Cherry Orchard (1903). Specifically, these authors argue that the various forms of modern domestic life lead to the ruination of substantial interpersonal connection. As long as one drownsRead More Futility of Life in The Death of Ivan Ilyich Essay2748 Words   |  11 PagesFutility of Life in The Death of Ivan Ilyich      Ã‚   Count Leo Tolstoy is considered Russia’s greatest novelist and one of its most influential moral philosophers. As such, he is also one of the most complex individuals for historians of literature to deal with. His early work sought to replace romanticized glory with realistic views. A good example of this is the way he often portrayed battle as an unglamorous act performed by ordinary men. After his marriage, though, Tolstoy started to reexamineRead MoreI Don t Find An Artful Death Appealing913 Words   |  4 Pagesdays on this beautiful plant. In the beginning of Being Mortal Atul Gawande wrote a sentence that sums exactly what stands in the way of a modern-day Ars Moriendi. What tormented Ivan Ilyich most, Tolstoy writes, was the deception, the lie, which for some reason, they alla accepted, that he was not dying but was simply ill, and he only need keep quiet and undergo a treatment and then something very good would result (Atul Gawande, p. 2). Ivan Ilyich was si mply dying, but no one around him wantedRead MoreThe San Diego Symphony Hall2612 Words   |  11 PagesSan Diego Symphony presented Van Cliburn Gold, a Jacobs Masterworks Concert of the 2014-15 Season. The performance was held at the Jacobs Music Center’s Copley Symphony Hall and featured works from Ludwig Van Beethoven, Serge Prokofiev, and Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The conductor for the performance was Jahja Ling, and Vadym Kholodenko performed on the piano (Bromberger, 2014, p. 13). Born approximately on December 16, 1770, in Bonn, located in the Electorate of Cologne, a principality of the Holy

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology (2087 words) Essay Example For Students

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology (2087 words) Essay Current Status of Malaria VaccinologyannonIn order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one mustfirst take an overview of the whole of the whole disease. One mustunderstand the disease and its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases arereported per annum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 millionchildren under the age of fourteen die each year from Malaria. Fromthese figures it is easy to see that eradication of this disease is ofthe utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These fourare P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does notonly effect humans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging fromreptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all theaspects in order to assess the possibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems forimmunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in whichthe life cycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoanenters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding she transmits a small amount of anticoagulant andhaploid sporozoites along with saliva. The sporozoites head directly forthe hepatic cells of the liver where they multiply by asexual fission toproduce merozoites. These merozoites can now travel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or they can attach to andpenetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes the plasmodiumenlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus of thisnewly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, whichhas 6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleatedmerozoites . Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result themerozoites enter the bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. Thiscycle repeats itself every 48-72 hours (depending on the species ofplasmodium involved in the original infection) The sudden release ofmerozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris is what causes the fever andchills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. Thisis done at the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionallymerozoites differentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocytes. This process does not cause lysis and there fore the erythrocyte remainsstable and when the infected host is bitten by a mosquito thegametocytes can enter its digestive system where they mature in tosporozoites, thus the life cycle of the plasmodium is begun againwaiting to infect its next host. At present people infected with Malaria are treated with drugs such asChloroquine, Amodiaquine or Mefloquine. These drugs are effective ateradicating the exoethrocytic stages but resistance to them is becomingincreasing common. Therefore a vaccine looks like the only viableoption. The wiping out of the vector i.e. Anophels mosquito would also prove asan effective way of stopping disease transmission but the mosquito arealso becoming resistant to insecticides and so again we must look to avaccine as a solutionHaving read certain attempts at creating a malaria vaccine severalpoints become clear. The first is that is the theory of Malariavaccinology a viable concept? I found the answer to this in an articlepublished in Nature from July 1994 by Christopher Dye and GeoffreyTargett. They used the MMR (Measles Mumps and Rubella) vaccine as anexample to which they could compare a possible Malaria vaccine Theirarticle said that simple epidemiological theory states that thecritical fraction (p) of all people to be immunised with a combinedvaccine (MMR) to ensure eradication of all three pathogens is determinedby the infection that spreads most quickly through the population; thatis by the age of one with the largest basic case reproduction number Ro. In case the of MMR this is measles with Ro of around 15 which impliesthat p 1-1/Ro ? 0.93 Gupta et al points out that if a populationof malaria parasite consists of a collection of pathogens or strainsthat have the same properties as common childhood viruses, the vaccinecoverage would be determined by the strain with the largest Ro ratherthan the Ro of the whole parasite population. While estimates of thelatter have been as high as 100, the former could be much lower. Chinua Achebe Heart Of Darkness EssaySecondary analyses revealed that CS antibody levels were lower invaccinee malaria cases than in non-cases, 3 and 5 months after the thirddose of vaccine. Because antibody levels had fallen substantially beforepeak malaria transmission occurred, the question of whether or not highlevels of CS antibody are protective still remains to be seen. So at theend we are once again left without conclusive evidence, but are now evencloser to creating the sought after malaria vaccine. Finally we reach the last and by far the most promising, prevalent andcontroversial candidate vaccine. This I found continually mentionedthroughout several scientific magazines. Science (Jan 95) andVaccine (95) were two which had no bias reviews and so the followinginformation is taken from these. The vaccine to which I am referring tois the SPf66 vaccine. This vaccine has caused much controversy andraised certain dilemmas. It was invented by a Colombian physician andchemist called Manual Elkin Patarroyo and it is the first of its kind. His vaccine could prove to be one the few effective weapons againstmalaria, but has run into a lot of criticism and has split the malariaresearch community. Some see it as an effective vaccine that has provenitself in various tests whereas others view as of marginal significanceand say more study needs to be done before a decision can be reached onits widespread use. Recent trials have shown some promise. One trial carried by Patarroyoand his group in Columbia during 1990 and 1991 showed that the vaccinecut malaria episodes by over 39 % and first episodes by 34%. Anothertrail which was completed in 1994 on Tanzanian children showed that itcut the incidence of first episodes by 31%. It is these results thathave caused the rift within research areas. Over the past 20 years, vaccine researchers have concentrated mainly onthe early stages of the parasite after it enters the body in an attemptto block infection at the outset (as mentioned earlier). Patarroyohowever, took a more complex approach. He spent his time designing avaccine against the more complex blood stage of the parasite stoppingthe disease not the infection. His decision to try and create syntheticpeptides raised much interest. At the time peptides were thought capableof stimulating only one part of the immune system; the antibodyproducing B cells whereas the prevailing wisdom required T cells as wellin order to achieve protective immunity. Sceptics also pounced on the elaborate and painstaking process ofelimination Patarroyo used to find the right peptides. He took 22immunologically interesting proteins from the malaria parrasite, whichhe identified using antibodies from people immune to malaria, andinjected these antigens into monkeys and eventually found four thatprovided some immunity to malaria. He then sequenced these four antigensand reconstructed dozens of short fragments of them. Again using monkeys(more than a thousand) he tested these peptides individually and incombination until he hit on what he considered to be the jackpotvaccine. But the WHO a 31% rate to be in the grey area and so there isstill no decision on its use. In conclusion it is obvious that malaria is proving a difficult diseaseto establish an effective and cheap vaccine for in that some tests andinconclusive and others while they seem to work do not reach a highenough standard. But having said that I hope that a viable vaccine willpresent itself in the near future (with a little help from thescientific world of course).

Isaac Rodriguez Essays (348 words) - Firearms,

Isaac Rodriguez ENC0017 July 17 , 2017 Professor: Sisto Gun Control: Would it really help? Thesis statements: Gun control is an issue that divides Americans. The southern and western states are known as pro gun states and most of the northern states want to limit the rights of Americans to carry guns. Some politicians believe that that limiting or taking guns from citizens will also take guns away from criminals. Others think that if law abiding citizens are carrying weapons that will make criminals think about committing crimes. I personally do not believe that taking weapons away from law abiding citizens will prevent criminals from getting guns illegally. Crimes that are committed by criminals are usually done with guns that were acquired illegally. Taking guns away from law abiding citizens will only make them easy targets for criminals. One argument that many politicians like to use is that citizens can call Police Officers. But often by the time the Police arrive to scene of the crime the criminals are already gone. I think that if every law-abiding citizen is trained and armed criminals will think about targeting them. Criminals area already armed therefore law-abiding citizens should be armed too. Politicians should stay away from a right that was given to citizens by the founders of the country. Every citizen should have the opportunity to defend themselves from criminals. People who choose not to carry a gun can make that decision on their own. In conclusion: Gun control is an issue that will always divide Americans but citizens should have the right to choose if they want to carry a gun or not. Taking guns from law -abiding citizens is not going to take guns away criminals who get their guns through illegal channels. Taking guns from citizens is just going to create victims for the criminals. The Police are not always going to be able to arrive in time to stop crimes.